一代詞的承上啟下

　　(一)常見代詞：he/ she/ they/ it/ him/ her/ them/ his/ hers/ their/ one等

　　(二)識(shí)別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：判斷指代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、位置以及詞性。

　　(三)舉例子：

　　E.g. Tom is a good student. He would like to play football.(he主語(yǔ)、單數(shù)、名詞，往前找，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)he= Tom。學(xué)生因?yàn)樽餮a(bǔ)語(yǔ)，所以Tom 更加準(zhǔn)確。)

　　E.g. Tom does not like cars, because they pollute the air. (they主語(yǔ)，復(fù)數(shù)，名詞，往前找，Tom因?yàn)槭菃螖?shù)，所以不符合還原要求，所以最終cars= they，符合句子邏輯要求。)

　　E.g. . ④That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. [題目中的the one= the difference]

　　二名詞的承上啟下

　　(一)常見形式：the/ such/ this/ that/ these/ those+n

　　(二)舉例子：

　　E.g. Tom is a good student. The student would like to play football. (the +n往往表示第二次提到，所以該學(xué)生其實(shí)就是前面提到的a good student= Tom.)

　　E.g.

　　They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)―lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10∶30 a. m. [題目中的them= the sleepers= their= they]

　　[備注：held，原形hold，在此表示“預(yù)留”的意思。所以tickets held for the sleepers= thickets which were held for the sleepers為守夜排隊(duì)者預(yù)留的票]

　　[注意：the+重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞/同詞根不同形式的單詞/同義詞/上義詞/詞義更為廣泛的或籠統(tǒng)的上義詞]

　　三關(guān)聯(lián)詞的承上啟下

　　(一)常見形式：also/ furthermore/ but/ however/ therefore/ then等詞+上述兩種形式一種。

　　(二)舉例子：Everybody thinks Tom is stupid. Nobody thinks she is clever either.

　　四句法

　　(一)常見形式：即采用前置、省略、重復(fù)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，甚至排比等手段起到承上啟下的紐帶作用。有時(shí)為使句子與上文銜接把通常位于句中或句后的賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)前置。

　　(二)舉例子：

　　Mr. White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat, the other he ate himself.

　　We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.